World Steel Glossaries
May 22, 2023
Cov lus piav qhia no muab cov lus qhia rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov hlau:
Pom tseeb siv steel (ASU)
ASU tau txais los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom xa tuaj (txhais tau tias yog dab tsi tawm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom steel lub rooj vag) thiab kev xa tawm ncaj qha. Raws li ib chav tsev ntawm kev ntsuas worldsteel siv lub metric tonne.
Bar
Cov khoom tiav steel, feem ntau nyob rau hauv tiaj, square, puag ncig lossis hexagonal duab. Rolled los ntawm billets, tuav yog tsim nyob rau hauv ob loj hom: tub lag luam thiab tshwj xeeb.
Basic oxygen steelmaking
Ua cov hlau los ntawm oxidation los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj oxygen los ntawm ib lub lance saum toj no molten sib tov ntawm npua hlau thiab seem hlau.
Cov txheej txheem Bessemer
Ib txheej txheem rau kev ua hlau los ntawm tshuab cua rau hauv molten npua hlau los ntawm hauv qab ntawm lub converter.
Billet
Cov khoom lag luam steel semi-tiav nrog ib qho square cross-section mus txog 155mm x 155mm. Cov khoom no yog dov los yog tsis tu ncua cam khwb cia thiab tom qab ntawd hloov los ntawm dov kom tau txais cov khoom tiav zoo li cov hlua hlau, cov khw muag khoom thiab lwm cov seem. Qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom ib nrab tiav saum 155 mm x 155 mm yog hu ua paj.
Tsis muaj
Cov ntawv hlau ntawm qhov siab qhov tseeb, hauv daim ntawv yooj yim lossis nyuaj, qee zaum ntau qhov tuab, ua rau lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev.
Lub qhov cub tawg
Lub cub tawg siv rau smelting hlau los ntawm hlau ore.
Paj
Saib billet
Kev siv thev naus laus zis
Kev siv thev naus laus zis ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg hauv qhov sib txawv radically mus rau cov pa hluav taws xob tawg, DRI lossis EAF thev naus laus zis. Piv txwv ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis tau tsim muaj xws li kev txo qis hydrogen, daim ntawv thov CCS, electrolysis ntawm hlau ore, suite ntawm carbon capture siv thiab cia (CCUS) technologies thiab tshiab smelting txo cov txheej txheem.
Carbon-dawb
Cov pa roj carbon-dawb yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev cuam tshuam rau cov hlau raws li cov hlau tsis muaj cov pa roj carbon yog hlau, thiab cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm cov hlau tau raug tswj kom ua tiav cov khoom xav tau hauv ib pawg tshwj xeeb. Cov pa roj carbon yuav tsum tau muab ntxiv rau hydrogen txo cov hlau txhawm rau hloov nws mus rau hauv cov hlau los ntawm cov txheej txheem refining.
Carbon-neutral steel (los yog net-zero steel)
Yog tias qhov sib npaug tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm lub tsev cog khoom gases muab tso rau hauv cov cua thaum tsim cov hlau thiab emissions tawm ntawm cov huab cua los ntawm cov dab dej, cov hlau ua tau raug xa mus rau carbon-tsis nruab nrab steel (los yog net-zero steel). Kev tsim cov pa roj carbon-nruab nrab hlau yuav xav tau offsets hauv lwm cov haujlwm kom ua tiav qhov nruab nrab qhov tseeb, thiab nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yog tias kev thov ntawm cov pa roj carbon nruab nrab yog ua rau cov neeg tsim khoom muaj pob tshab txog thaj tsam, lawv cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, thiab qhov zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm txhua qhov kev siv offsets.
Cov pa roj carbon steel
Ib hom hlau uas lub ntsiab alloying yog carbon.
Carburising
Ua kom cov pa roj carbon ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau los ntawm diffusing cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau hauv qhov chaw, tso cai rau saum npoo kom sov-kho kom dhau los ua ib txheej tawv, hnav-tiv taus.
Ntxig
Ib yam khoom tsim los ntawm kev siv pwm.
Cov hlau huv huv
Cov hlau huv si yog ib qho kev qhia siv nyob rau hauv steel sector xa mus rau steels uas tsis muaj theem ntawm impurities, oxides, inclusions, los yog tsawg los yog ultra-low theem ntawm carbon yaj nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Cov kab lus no feem ntau siv, suav nrog worldsteel hauv peb 2004 'Study on Clean Steel', thiab txhais tau tias qee yam tshwj xeeb. Raws li xws li worldsteel tsis xa mus rau "cov hlau huv" hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua.
Thee
Cov roj tseem ceeb siv los ntawm kev sib xyaw hlau thiab cov neeg tsim khoom hlau.
Txheej
Siv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv sab nraud ntawm cov khoom siv ntau yam xws li galvanizing.
Coil
Ib qho khoom tiav steel xws li daim ntawv los yog sawb uas tau raug mob los yog coiled tom qab dov.
Coke
Ib daim ntawv ntawm carbonised thee hlawv nyob rau hauv blast furnaces kom txo tau hlau ore pellets los yog lwm yam hlau-cov khoom siv hlau.
Coke qhov cub
Qhov cub qhov twg coke yog tsim. Coal feem ntau yog poob rau hauv qhov cub los ntawm qhov qhib hauv lub ru tsev, thiab ua kom sov los ntawm cov pa taws kub hnyiab hauv cov phab ntsa hauv cov roj teeb coke. Tom qab cua sov li 18 teev, qhov kawg qhov rooj raug tshem tawm thiab ib tug ram thawb lub coke mus rau hauv lub tsheb quenching kom txias ua ntej xa mus rau lub qhov cub tawg.
Txias dov
Hla ib daim ntawv los yog sawb uas yav tas los tau kub dov thiab khaws los ntawm cov yob txias (hauv qab qhov muag kub ntawm cov hlau). Txias dov ua rau cov khoom uas nyias nyias, smoother thiab muaj zog dua tuaj yeem ua los ntawm kub dov ib leeg.
Nruam casting
Ib txheej txheem rau solidifying steel nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nruam strand es tsis yog ib tug neeg ingots. Molten steel yog poured rau hauv qhib-bottomed, dej-txias pwm. Raws li cov hlau molten dhau los ntawm cov pwm, lub plhaub sab nrauv solidifies.
CRC
Cold rolled coil (saib txias dov)
Cov hlau tsis huv
Hlau nyob rau hauv thawj lub xeev tom qab melting, haum rau ntxiv ua los yog muag. Synonymous nrog raw steel.
Kev txo qis
Ib pawg txheej txheem rau kev ua hlau los ntawm ore tsis tshaj qhov kub ntawm melting. Tsis xav tau qhov cub tawg.
Electric arc rauv
Lub cub tawg uas melts steel seem siv lub tshav kub uas tsim los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob arc. Thaum lub sij hawm melting txheej txheem, cov ntsiab lus tau ntxiv kom ua tiav cov chemistry kom raug thiab cov pa oxygen yog tshuab rau hauv lub cub tawg kom huv cov hlau.
Hluav taws xob hlau
Tshwj xeeb tsim cov ntawv txias-dov thiab sawb uas muaj silicon, ua tiav los txhim kho cov yam ntxwv sib nqus kom siv tau los ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob.
Ntsuab hlau
Green steel yog siv thiab txhais los ntawm ntau tus neeg sib txawv los txhais cov khoom sib txawv, feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam tshiab cov khoom lag luam zoo ib puag ncig. Nws tau raug siv los xa mus rau cov hlau tsim los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, steel tsim los ntawm cov khoom seem, rov siv dua thiab rov ua dua tshiab, thiab cov hlau tsis zoo nrog cov pa tawm tawm los ntawm cov nyiaj laus ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide lossis nyiaj pub dawb. Muab qhov tsis muaj qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub ntsiab lus 'ntsuab steel' tsis yog ib qho kev qhia worldsteel siv.
Fossil-dawb steel
Fossil-free steel yog hlau tsim yam tsis siv cov fossil fuels xws li thee los yog natural gas, los yog cov fossil fuel-derived zog.
Fossil hydrogen
Fossil fuel hydrogen yog tsim los ntawm cov fossil fuels uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, feem ntau:
Grey hydrogen yog tsim los ntawm cov nkev ntuj los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm chav methane hloov kho, tsis muaj CCS yog li CO2 tawm mus rau huab cua.
Brown, los yog dub hydrogen yog tsim los ntawm thee gasification thiab ua rau kom GHG emissions ntau dua li lwm yam hues.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen yog ib qho tseem ceeb vector uas yuav tso cai rau GHG emissions los ntawm cov hlau thiab steel sector yuav txo qis, thiab ntau ntawm worldsteel cov tswv cuab tab tom tshawb nrhiav qhov kev xaiv thev naus laus zis no. Hydrogen feem ntau ntaus nqi rau xim, nyob ntawm nws cov ntawv pov thawj qis-carbon.
Thaum worldsteel tham txog qis carbon hydrogen, peb txhais tau tias:
Ntsuab hydrogen yog tsim los ntawm electrolysis ntawm dej, powered los ntawm hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab.
Blue hydrogen yog tsim los ntawm cov nkev ntuj los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm chav methane hloov kho nrog CCS.
Hydrogen kuj tuaj yeem tsim tau siv electrolysis siv lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob qis, xws li nuclear lossis CCS. Peb kuj xav tias qhov no yog cov pa roj carbon tsawg.
Cov khoom lag luam tiaj tus
Ib hom khoom tiav dov steel zoo li steel sawb thiab phaj.
Kub dip galvanization
Ib txheej txheem uas cov hlau tau muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion mus ntev los ntawm txheej nws nrog zinc molten.
Kub thiab txias dov zeb
Kub-dov zeb: Cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv steel preheated rau qhov kub siab yog txuas ntxiv dov ntawm ob lub tog raj kheej tig.
Txias dov zeb: Cov khoom siv uas txo qhov tuab ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tiaj tus los ntawm dov cov hlau ntawm cov hlau hlau kheej kheej ntawm chav tsev kub.
Kub hlau
Molten hlau ua nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub tawg.
HRC
Kub dov kauj (saib kub dov)
Indirect hlau
Kev lag luam tsis ncaj hauv cov hlau yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev xa tawm thiab kev xa tawm ntawm cov hlau uas muaj cov khoom lag luam thiab tau nthuav tawm hauv cov khoom tiav steel sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv.
Ingot
Ib qho hlau thaiv cam khwb cia rau hauv ib qho duab kom yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv.
Hauv-kab strip ntau lawm (ISP)
ISP tsim kub-dov coil mus rau qhov ntsuas tiav ntawm 1 hli, thiab muaj nws lub hauv paus hauv kev sib koom ua haujlwm los ntawm Arvedi nrog German cog cog Mannesmann Demag thaum xyoo 1980s.
Integrated zeb
Cov nroj tsuag loj loj sib txuas cov hlau smelting thiab steelmaking chaw, feem ntau yog raws li cov pa oxygen yooj yim. Tej zaum kuj tseem suav nrog cov tshuab xa hlau rau hauv cov khoom tiav.
Hlau ore
Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov hlau.
Hlau metallurgy
Cov txheej txheem uas tej yam kev mob (kub, siab thiab chemistry) yog tswj nyob rau hauv lub ladle ntawm lub steelmaking rauv los txhim kho productivity nyob rau hauv ua ntej thiab cov kauj ruam tom ntej, nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom zaum kawg.
Limestone
Siv los ntawm kev lag luam steel los tshem tawm impurities los ntawm cov hlau ua nyob rau hauv blast furnaces. Limestone muaj magnesium, hu ua dolomite, kuj qee zaum siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem purifying.
Kab yeeb
Siv rau kev thauj mus los ntawm cov pa roj, roj lossis dej feem ntau hauv cov kav dej lossis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Cov khoom siv ntev
Ib hom khoom tiav dov steel zoo li rail thiab steel tuav.
Poob lub sij hawm raug mob
Ib qho kev raug mob los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, ua rau lub tuam txhab, tus neeg cog lus lossis cov neeg ua haujlwm thib peb tsis tuaj yeem rov qab mus ua haujlwm rau lawv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tom ntej. Rov qab mus ua haujlwm nrog kev txwv tsis pub ua haujlwm tsis yog lub sijhawm raug mob ploj, txawm tias qhov kev txwv tsawg lossis hnyav npaum li cas, yog tias nws yog nyob ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm tom ntej. Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR) yog xam raws li tus lej Lost Time Injuries ib lab tus txiv neej teev.
Tsawg-carbon steel
Cov pa roj carbon tsawg yog tsim los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev coj ua uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov emissions qis dua li cov khoom siv.
Mechanical tubing
Welded los yog seamless tubing tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov duab los ze zog tolerances tshaj lwm cov kav dej.
Mini zeb
Ib qho me me steelmaking cog raws li EAF, ua cov hlau tshiab los ntawm cov hlau feem ntau. Tej zaum kuj tseem muaj cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov khoom steel tiav.
Net ton
Saib ton
Net-zero steel
Saib carbon-neutral steel
Roj lub teb chaws tubular khoom (OCTG)
Cov yeeb nkab siv hauv qhov dej hauv kev lag luam roj thiab roj, muaj xws li casing, tubing thiab laum yeeb nkab. Casing yog cov txheej txheem retainer rau phab ntsa; tubing yog siv nyob rau hauv casing roj qhov dej kom xa cov roj mus rau hauv av theem; laum yeeb nkab yog siv los xa hluav taws xob mus rau lub tshuab drilling hauv qab hauv av.
Qhib hearth txheej txheem
Ib txoj kev ua cov hlau los ntawm cov hlau molten thiab seem. Lub qhov cub qhib qhov cub muaj qhov ntiav ntiav thiab lub ru tsev uas pab tshem tawm impurities los ntawm cov hlau molten. Cov nplaim hluav taws thiab cov roj hluav taws xob hla mus rau sab saum toj ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, cov cua sov tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Cov txheej txheem no tau raug hloov los ntawm cov txheej txheem oxygen hauv cov chaw niaj hnub no.
Cov pellets
Ib daim ntawv zoo ntawm cov hlau ore zoo li lub pob me me.
Pickling
Siv cov tshuaj los tshem tawm cov nplai ntawm cov hlau tiav.
Pig Hlau
Cov khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm smelting hlau ore nrog ib tug high-carbon roj xws li coke
Phaj
Ib qho khoom siv tiaj tus dov los ntawm cov slabs los yog ingots ntawm thickness ntau dua li daim ntawv los yog sawb.
Rebar hlau
Ib tug reinforcing steel bar
Refining sawv
Ib theem hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov hlau tsis huv, thaum lub sij hawm cov hlau tsis huv yog ntxiv ua kom zoo dua qub (piv txwv li feem ntau cov impurities raug tshem tawm) thiab ntxiv lwm cov hlau yuav raug ua ua ntej nws yuav nrum.
Rolling zeb
Cov khoom siv uas txo thiab hloov cov duab ntawm cov khoom lag luam semi-tiav lossis nruab nrab steel los ntawm kev hla cov khoom los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yob uas me dua cov khoom nkag.
Khawb
Steel seem yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam. Nws yog los ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hlau uas ncav cuag qhov kawg ntawm lawv lub neej (cov neeg siv khoom seem tom qab), los ntawm cov txheej txheem demolished mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub neej tsheb, ntim khoom, cov khoom dawb thiab cov tshuab, thiab cov txiaj ntsig poob hauv steelmaking thiab manufacturing processes (pre - cov khoom siv hluav taws xob). Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog cov khoom siv hlau. Tag nrho cov hlau tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov hlau tshiab. Tag nrho cov hlau tshiab muaj qee cov hlau seem.
Semi-tiav khoom
Cov khoom siv hlau xws li billet, paj thiab slabs. Cov khoom no tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm kev nruam nruam nruam ntawm cov hlau kub los yog los ntawm kev nchuav cov kua hlau rau hauv cov khoom siv, uas tom qab ntawd kub dov rau hauv cov khoom ib nrab.
Daim ntawv
Cov khoom lag luam tiaj tus dov tshaj 12 ntiv hauv qhov dav thiab tsawg dua thickness dua phaj.
Daim ntawv piling
Rolled seem nrog interlocking pob qij txha (nruam mus thoob plaws hauv tag nrho ntev ntawm daim) ntawm txhua tus ntug kom tso cai rau raug tsav ntug-rau-ntug los tsim cov phab ntsa txuas ntxiv rau khaws lub ntiaj teb lossis dej.
Sinter cog
Ib tsob nroj uas hlau ore yog crushed, homogenised thiab tov nrog limestone thiab coke breeze thiab ces siav ("sintered") los ua sinter uas yog lub ntsiab ferrous tivthaiv ntawm blast furnace lub nra.
Sintering
Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke zoo heev rau kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob zoo nrog cov pob zeb flux. Cov sib tov yog rhuab los tsim clumps, uas tso cai rau cov cua ntsawj ntshab zoo dua nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub tawg.
Slab
Cov khoom siv hlau semi-tiav tau los ntawm dov ingots ntawm lub tshuab dov los yog ua tiav los ntawm kev nruam nruam thiab txiav rau ntau qhov ntev. Lub slab muaj ib lub duab plaub thiab siv los ua cov khoom pib hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom tiaj tus, piv txwv li kub dov coils los yog daim hlau.
Slag
Ib qho khoom sib koom ua ke, muaj cov khoom siv tsis zoo los ntawm 'kev hnyav' (cov ntaub ntawv muab tso rau hauv qhov cub tawg thaum pib ntawm cov txheej txheem steelmaking), uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm melting txheej txheem.
Daim txhuam cev hlau
Cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem txo ncaj qha. Kuj tseem hu ua direct txo hlau (DRI).
Stainless hlau
Stainless hlau yog txawv los ntawm carbon hlau los ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus chromium (ferritic steel) thiab, qee zaum, nickel (austenitic steel). Ntxiv chromium rau carbon hlau ua rau nws ntau xeb thiab stain-resistant, thiab thaum npib tsib xee ntxiv rau chromium stainless hlau nws txhim khu nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam, piv txwv li nws ceev, tshav kub muaj peev xwm thiab lub zog.
Standard yeeb nkab
Siv rau kev xa tawm tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm huab cua, chav, roj, dej, roj lossis lwm yam kua thiab siv rau kev siv tshuab. Siv feem ntau hauv cov tshuab, cov tsev, cov tshuab nqus dej, cov kav dej, thiab cov kav dej es tsis yog hauv cov kav dej lossis cov tshuab xa khoom.
Kauj Ruam
Step Up yog worldsteel's 4-stage efficiency review process. Step Up aims los txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm steel ntau lawm tam sim no, los txhawb peb cov tswv cuab hauv kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob rau theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo commensurate nrog lub ntiaj teb no cov chaw zoo tshaj plaws. Step Up yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hloov pauv thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob pom tias yog muab kev daws teeb meem rau kev lag luam steel kev hloov pauv huab cua.
Sawb
Flat steel coil khoom, nrog qhov dav ntawm tsawg dua 600mm rau cov khoom kub dov thiab tsawg dua 500mm rau cov khoom txias-dov. Cov khoom siv dav dav yog hu ua dav strips.
Cov yeeb nkab thiab cov yeeb nkab
Welded los yog seamless yeeb nkab thiab tubing feem ntau yog siv rau cov txheej txheem los yog load-bearing lub hom phiaj saum toj no-hauv av los ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam, nrog rau cov tswv cuab ntawm cov qauv hauv nkoj, tsheb thauj khoom, thiab cov khoom siv ua liaj ua teb.
Cov qauv tsim
Rolled flange seem, seem welded los ntawm daim hlau, thiab cov seem tshwj xeeb nrog tsawg kawg ib qhov ntev ntawm lawv cov hlaws peb nti lossis ntau dua. Xws li cov ces kaum, kab teeb, channels, tees thiab zeds.
Nyias strip nruam casting
Casting thev naus laus zis uas siv cov hlau ua kua thiab nrum nws mus rau hauv cov khoom siv hauv ib kauj ruam, yog li tshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm qhov nruam slab caster thiab kub sawb zeb.
Tin coated hlau
Cov ntawv txias dov, strip los yog phaj coated nrog tin los yog chromium.
Tuj (t)
Ib chav tsev ntawm qhov hnyav hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Kev Cai Sib Cais sib npaug rau 2,240 phaus. Kuj hu ua long ton.
Ib chav tsev ntawm qhov hnyav hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Kev Cai Sib Cais sib npaug rau 2,000 phaus. Kuj hu ua luv ton. Kuj tseem hu ua net ton.
Tons (T)
Ib metric tonne, sib npaug rau 1,000 kilograms lossis 2,204.6 phaus lossis 1.1023 luv ton.
Kev siv cov hlau tiag
Kev siv cov hlau tiag (TSU) yog tau los ntawm kev rho tawm cov khoom xa tawm tsis ncaj qha ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev siv steel siv (ASU). Tag Nrho TSU tsis sib npaug rau ASU vim qhov sib txawv hauv lub tebchaws thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam ncaj qha hauv kev suav hlau. Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntawm worldsteel.org/publications/reports.
Hlau rods
Coiled tuav txog li 18.5 millimeters inch, siv feem ntau hauv kev tsim cov hlau.
Hlau: kos thiab / lossis dov
Qhov dav ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm txias txo kub dov hlau los ntawm kev tuag, series ntawm tuag, los yog los ntawm yob los txhim kho nto tiav, qhov tseeb qhov tseeb thiab lub cev.
Vuam
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob daim hlau ua ke siv cov cua sov thiab lub siab los ua kom cov khoom muag muag.
Wrought hlau
Tsawg-carbon cov ntsiab lus hlau uas yog tawv thiab malleable rau forging thiab vuam.
Zero-carbon hlau
Yuav tsum yog xoom-carbon tiag tiag, steel yuav tsum tau tsim tsis muaj CO2 emissions kiag li. Qhov no yog qhov bar siab heev kom ncav cuag, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev xeeb tub ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim khoom uas tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov no hauv 2021.